编辑推荐：

亚伯拉罕·马斯洛，国际上*有影响力的心理学家之一，开拓了心理学史上的第三思潮——“人本主义心理学”，被誉为“人本主义心理学之父”。《动机与人格》是马斯洛*经典的著作。

应用的领域较广

本书在心理学、管理学、教育学、社会学、哲学等领域都享有盛誉，为多个领域的研究者所熟悉。

具备新版的特点

 

 

内容简介：

本书是“人本主义心理学之父”马斯洛的代表作，本书奠定了马斯洛的学术地位。本书 中，马斯洛提出了许多精彩的理论，其中需求层次理论、自我实现理论、高峰体验理论*为广大读者所 熟悉。本书自1954年初版后，对管理学、心理学、教育学、社会学等学科领域和实际工作产生了巨大的 影响力。 本书是一部经典的、解读“人性”的著作。阅读本书，就如同在倾听自己内心的声音。它并不晦涩 难懂，适合每一位想了解自己、了解人性的读者阅读。

作者简介：

马斯洛（1908—1970），“人本心理学之父”，当代伟大的心理学家之一，曾担任美国心理学学会主席。《动机与人格》是他重要的著作之一，奠定了他的学术定位。

美国知名作家、教育家乔治?伦纳德评价他说：在改变我们对人性和人类可能性的看法方面，亚伯拉罕?马斯洛所做的，比过去50年中其他任何一位美国心理学家所做的都要多。他的影响，仍在继续直接或间接地增长，特别是在健康、教育和管理理论领域，以及在几百万美国人的私人和社会生活中。

目 录：

第3版序
第2版序
写在前面的话
亚伯拉罕·马斯洛的影响 51
引言 51
马斯洛的影响 52
生平简历 56
参考文献 65
第1部分
动机理论 1
第1章 动机理论引言 2
作为一个整体的个人 2
作为动机状态典型的饥饿 3

第3版序

第2版序

写在前面的话

亚伯拉罕·马斯洛的影响 51

引言 51

马斯洛的影响 52

生平简历 56

参考文献 65

第1部分

动机理论 1

第1章 动机理论引言 2

作为一个整体的个人 2

作为动机状态典型的饥饿 3

 

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Motivation and Personality 

THIRD EDITION 

手段和目的 5

无意识动机 6

欲望与文化 6

复杂多样的动机 7

促动状态 8

满足产生新的动机 9

不可能列出内驱力一览表 10

按照基本目标为动机分类 12

动物资料不足以说明问题 12

环境 14

整合作用 16

无动机的行为 17

达到目的的可能性 18

现实和无意识 18

健康人的动机 21

第2章 人类动机理论 22

基本需要的层次 22

基本的认知需要 36

基本需要的特点 41

第3章 基本需要的满足 52

满足一个基本需要所产生的一些后果 53

学习和需要的满足 56

需要满足和性格形成 58

满足和健康 62

满足和病态 65

需求满足理论的应用 66

满足的影响 70

 

3

 

目录

第4章 重新考察本能理论 75

重新考察本能理论的重要性 75

对传统本能理论的批判 77

类本能理论中的基本需要 86

第5章 需要的层次 92

高级需要与低级需要的差异 93

需要层次存在的后果 97

第6章 非动机的行为 103

应对与表达 105

表达性行为 115

第2部分

心里病态与正常状态 121

第7章 心理病理的起源 122

剥夺与威胁 122

冲突和威胁 125

威胁的个体化定义 128

作为威胁的精神创伤和疾病 129

作为威胁的对自我实现的抑制 130

病理状态的根源 131

总结 132

第8章 破坏性是本能的吗？ 133

动物 134

儿童 138

 

人类学 142

临床经验 143

来自内分泌学、遗传学等的材料 144

一些理论上的考虑 145

破坏性：本能还是习得？ 148

第9章 作为良好人际关系的心理治疗 150

心理治疗与需要满足 153

良好的人际关系 159

良好社会 171

专业的心理治疗 176

第10章 达到正常与健康的方法 182

“正常”的标准概念 184

新的概念 187

我们可以成为什么 189

内在的人性 193

从非本质属性中区分出固有属性 195

健康的前提条件 197

环境与人格 199

心理学乌托邦 200

“正常”的本质 201

第3部分

自我实现 203

第11章 自我实现的人 204

研究 205

观察结果 209

 

第12章 自我实现者的爱情 247

开放性 248

爱与被爱 248

性 249

对自我的超越 252

嬉戏与娱乐 253

对他人的尊重 253

作为对自身奖赏的爱情 255

利他主义的爱 257

分离与个性 258

第13章 自我实现者的创造性 260

先入之见 260

新的范例 261

自我实现的创造性 263

“非此即彼”的消解 265

没有恐惧感 267

高峰体验 268

创造性的层次 271

创造性与自我实现 275

第4部分

人类科学的方法论 277

第14章 新心理学的问题 278

学习 279

知觉 280

情绪 281

动机 282

 

智力 284

认知和思维 285

临床心理学 286

动物心理学 288

社会心理学 289

人格 294

第15章 关于科学的心理学研究 296

对科学家的研究 297

科学和人类价值 297

理解的价值观 298

人类和自然界的规律 299

科学社会学 300

认识实在的各种方法 300

心理健康 303

第16章 方法中心与问题中心 305

过分强调技术 305

方法中心与科学上的正统 310

第17章 陈规化的认知与真正的认知 315

注意 316

感知 321

学习 324

思想 331

语言 339

理论 341

第18章 心理学的整体论方法 344

整体动力学方法 344

 

人格症候群的概念 355

人格症候群的特征 361

研究人格症候群 373

人格症候群的层次与特性 380

人格症候群和行为 382

症候群资料的逻辑和数学表达 385

后记 亚伯拉罕.马斯洛的丰硕成果 391

引言

人本心理学 402

介绍 402

心理学 407

后人本心理学 412

教育：人本主义价值观及新的学习方法 416

马斯洛对工作与管理的影响 421

健康与全人 425

动机、自我实现理论与女性心理学 428

协同性社会 430

持续不断的收获 435

动机与人格的引文回顾 435

参考文献与选读 438

亚伯拉罕·马斯洛的著作参考文献 448

人名索引 468

主题标引 471

 

CONTENTS

PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION

PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION

Foreword

THE 

INFLUENCE 

OF 

ABRAHAM 

MASLOW 

51

By Robert Frager

Introduction 51

Maslow’s Influence 52

A Short Biography 56

References 65

ONE

MOTIVATION 

THEORY 

1

Chapter 1 Preface to Motivation Theory 2

Holistic Approach 2

A Paradigm for Motivational States 3

Means and Ends 5

 

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Motivation and Personality 

THIRD EDITION 

Unconscious Motivation 6

Commonality of Human Desires 6

Multiple Motivations 7

Motivating States 8

Satisfactions Generate New

　Motivations 9

Impossibility of Listing Drives 10

Classifying Motivation According to

　Fundamental Goals 12

Inadequacy of Animal Data 12

Environment 14

Integrated Action 16

Unmotivated Behaviors 17

Possibility of Attainment 18

Reality and the Unconscious 18

Motivation of Highest Human Capacities 21

Chapter 2 A Theory of Human Motivation 22

The Basic Need Hierarchy 22

The Basic Cognitive Needs 36

Characteristics of the Basic Needs 41

Chapter 3 Gratification of Basic Needs 52

Consequences of Satisfying a Basic Need 53

Learning and Gratification 56

Gratification and Character Formation 58

Gratification and Health 62

Gratification and Pathology 65

Implications of Gratification Theory 66

Influence of Gratification 70

 

11

 

CONTENTS

Chapter 4 Instinct Theory Reexamined 75

The Importance of Reexamination 75

Critique of Traditional Instinct Theory 77

Basic Needs In Instinct Theory 86

Chapter 5 The Hierarchy of Needs 92

Differences Between Higher and Lower Needs 93

Consequences of a Hierarchy of Needs 97

Chapter 6 Unmotivated Behavior 103

Coping Versus Expression 105

Expressive Behaviors 115

TWO

PSYCHOPATHOLOGY 

AND 

NORMALITY 121

Chapter 7 Origins of Pathology 122

Deprivation and Threat 122

Conflict and Threat 125

Individual Definition of Threat 128

Trauma and Illness as Threat 129

Inhibition of Self-Actualization as Threat 130

The Source of Pathology 131

Summary 132

Chapter 8 Is Destructiveness Instinctive? 133

Animals 134

Children 138

Anthropology 142

 

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Motivation and Personality 

THIRD EDITION 

Clinical Experience 143

Endocrinology and Genetics 144

Theoretical Considerations 145

Destructiveness: Instinctive or Learned? 148

Chapter 9 Psychotherapy as Good Human

Relationships 150

Psychotherapy and Need Grtification 153

Good Human Relationships 159

The Good Society 171

Professional Psychotherapy 176

Chapter 10 Approaches to Normality and Health 182

Standard Concepts 184

New Concepts 187

What We May Become 189

Inherent Human Nature 193

Differentiating the Inherent from the Accidental 195

Conditions for Health 197

Environment and Personality 199

Psychological Utopia 200

The Nature of Normality 201

THREE

SELF-ACTUALIZATION 203

Chapter 11 Self-actualizing People:A Study of 

Psychological Health 204

The Study 205

 

The Observations 209

Chapter 12 Love in Self-actualizing People 247

Openness 248

To Love and Be Loved 248

Sexuality 249

Ego-Transcendence 252

Fun and Gaiety 253

Respect for Others 253

Love As Its Own Reward 255

Altruistic Love 257

Detachment and Individuality 258

前 言：

PREFACE TO THE THIRD
EDITION
Motivation and Personality is an original record of the work in
progress of one of the most creative psychologists of this century. It
has become a primary reference for anyone interested in Abraham H.
Maslow’s theories, as clearly evidenced by growing attention from
authors in many major professional journals in psychology, education,
business, and social studies, among other fields. Although the first
edition of this book was published in 1954 and the second in 1970, its

PREFACE TO THE THIRD 

EDITION

Motivation and Personality is an original record of the work in 

progress of one of the most creative psychologists of this century. It 

has become a primary reference for anyone interested in Abraham H. 

Maslow’s theories, as clearly evidenced by growing attention from 

authors in many major professional journals in psychology, education, 

business, and social studies, among other fields. Although the first 

edition of this book was published in 1954 and the second in 1970, its 

influence has continued to grow over the years. From 1971 to 1976, 

Motivation and Personality was cited as a reference 489 times, an 

average of over 97 references a year. From 1976 t0 1980, more than 

20 years after publication of the first edition, citations rose to 791, an 

average of over 198 citations a year.

This third edition of Motivation and Personality has been revised 

to highlight Maslow’s creative thinking and emphasize his far-reaching 

concepts. Within the text itself, we have reordered the chapters, 

added new headings and subheadings in one chapter, and deleted a 

few sections of dated material. Chapter 13 is a new addition to this 

book. It is the text of a lecture Maslow gave in 1958 at Michigan State 

University. In the hope of enhancing the reader’s sense of the historical 

 

18

 

Motivation and Personality 

THIRD EDITION 

and intellectual context of the book, several other features have been 

added to this edition: a brief biography of Maslow, an afterword on 

the extensive effect of Maslow’s vision in contemporary lives, chapter 

introductions, a citation study, and a complete bibliography of his 

work.

This edition has four major sections: l. Motivation Theory, 

2. Psychopathology and Normality, 3. Self-Actualization, and 
3. Methodologies for a Human Science.

Chapter l, “Preface to Motivation Theory,” provides a humanistic 

critique of traditional behaviorist theories of motivation. Maslow 

systematically lists the limitations of traditional motivation theory. 

He emphasizes the need to consider the whole person, the effects of 

culture, environment, multiple motivation, nonmotivated behavior, 

healthy motivation. In short, Maslow lays out the major foundations 

for a truly human theory of motivation.

Chapter 2, “A Theory of Human Motivation,” is a classic 

presentation of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Maslow provides 

a brilliant and elegant integration of behaviorist, Freudian, and 

humanistic psychology. The need hierarchy has become a widely 

used paradigm in business, advertising, and other applications of 

psychology.

Maslow argues that all human needs can be arrranged in a 

hierarchy, beginning with physical needs—for air, food, and water. 

Next come four levels of psychological needs—for safety, love, 

esteem, and self-actualization. Maslow argues that our higher needs 

are as real and as integral a part of human nature as our need for food. 

He avoids the oversimplifications of both behaviorist and Freudian 

positions.

In Chapter 3, “Gratification of Basic Needs,” Maslow explores 

some of the implications of his need hierarchy. He discusses need 

 

19

 

PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION

gratification, its consequences, and its relation to leaning, character 

formation, psychological health, pathology, and a variety of other 

phenomena.

Maslow reexamines the classic psychological theory of instinct 

in Chapter 4, “Instinct Theory Reexamined.” This theory applies the 

biological concept of instinct to human behavior. Instinctivists look 

for the roots of all behavior in inherited instincts, as opposed to the 

behaviorists who have tended to explain all behavior in terms of 

leaning.

In this chapter, Maslow summarizes the major problems 

of the instinctivist approach. He argues that any careful look at 

human behavior will show a mixture of the effects of heredity and 

environment. Maslow writes that human needs do have an instinctive 

component, but generally one that is weak. Normal, healthy human 

beings are not dominated by their instinctive needs, nor are they deeply 

frustrated if some of their instinctive needs are unfulfilled.

Freud held that the demands of our egos and our culture are 

inevitably at odds with our deepest, essentially selfish instincts. 

Maslow disagrees. He argues that we are essentially good and 

cooperative, that we can be fulfilled by our culture rather than 

frustrated by it.

In Chapter 5, “The Hierarchy of Needs,” Maslow discusses 

the differences between needs that are higher and those that are 

lower in the need hierarchy. He argues that higher needs are later 

evolutionary developments and also that they develop later in each 

individual. Higher needs are less demanding and can be postponed 

longer. Satisfaction of higher needs produces more happiness and 

leads to greater individual growth. It also requires a better external 

environment.

Next, Maslow explores some of the implications of his hierarchy. 

 

Maslow’s need hierarchy is one way of doing justice to the richness 

and complexity of higher human functioning and at the same time 

placing human behavior on a single continuum with the motivation 

and behavior of all organisms. Maslow also outlines the model’s 

implications for philosophy, values, psychotherapy, culture, and 

theology.

In Chapter 6, “Unmotivated Behavior,” Maslow expands 

traditional psychological concerns to include expressive and artistic 

behavior. Behavioral psychologists of his day tended to ignore 

everything but learned, motivated behavior. Maslow points out that not 

all behavior is motivated or purposive. Expressive behaviors, including 

singing, dancing, and play, are relatively spontaneous, unpurposeful, 

and enjoyable in their own right. They are also worthy of the attention 

of psychology.

Maslow discusses two kinds of need frustration in Chapter 7, 

“Origins of Pathology.” Threatening frustration produces pathology. 

Nonthreatening frustration does not. Maslow argues that not all 

frustration is threatening, and, in fact, deprivation may have positive 

as well as negative effects. Maslow also discusses threatening and 

nonthreatening conflict, arguing here too that some kinds of conflict 

can have positive consequences.

In Chapter 8, “Is Destructiveness Instinctive?,” Maslow argues 

that destructiveness is not innate. He reviews evidence from studies 

of animals, children, and cross-cultural behavior indicating that in 

a healthy, supportive environment there is virtually no destructive 

behavior. He argues that for destructiveness, as for any behavior, 

we must consider three factors: the individual’s character structure, 

cultural pressures, and the immediate situation.

Maslow begins Chapter 9, “Psychotherapy as Good Human 

Relationships,” by relating psychotherapy to traditional concepts of 

 

experimental psychology, such as threat, act completion, and need-

gratification.

By acknowledging the central theoretical role of need-gratification, 

Maslow argues that we can understand how different therapeutic 

systems are all effective and how relatively untrained psychotherapists 

can also be effective. He points out that our basic needs can be 

satisfied only interpersonally. These include satisfaction of the needs 

in Maslow’s need hierarchy—needs for safety, belongingness, love, 

and self-esteem.

Maslow argues that good human relations are essentially 

therapeutic and, conversely, that good therapy is built on a good 

human relationship between therapist and patient. For Maslow, a 

good society is one in which good human relations are fostered and 

encouraged. A good society is also a psychologically healthy society. 

Maslow stresses that there will always be a role for professional 

psychotherapists, especially for those people who no longer even 

seek basic need gratification and could not accept such gratification if 

offered. For such individuals, professional therapy is needed to make 

consciously available their unconscious thoughts, desires, frustrations, 

and inhibitions.